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The Independent State of Croatia (, Независна Држава Хрватска, NDH; (ドイツ語:Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien); (イタリア語:Stato Indipendente di Croazia)), often referred to simply by the abbreviation NDH, was a World War II puppet state of Germany〔"(Independent State of Croatia )". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 8 September 2009. *"(Croatia )". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 8 September 2009. *"(Yugoslavia )". ''Holocaust Encyclopedia''. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 8 September 2009. (Archived ) 31 October 2009.〕 and Italy, which was established in parts of Axis-occupied Yugoslavia. The NDH was founded on 10 April 1941, after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers. The NDH consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with some parts of modern-day Serbia. The regime targeted Serbs, Jews, Muslims and Roma people, as part of a large-scale genocide campaign in places such as the Jasenovac concentration camp.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jasenovac )〕〔Pavlowitch, 2008, (p. 34 )〕 In its judgement in the Hostages Case, the Nuremberg Military Tribunal concluded that NDH was in fact not a sovereign state. According to the Tribunal, "''Croatia was at all times here involved an occupied country''". The state was officially a monarchy since the signing of the Laws of the Crown of Zvonimir on 15 March 1941.〔Hrvatski Narod (newspaper)16.05.1941. no. 93. p.1.,Public proclamation of the''Zakonska odredba o kruni Zvonimirovoj'' (Decrees on the crown of Zvonimir), tri članka donesena 15.05.1941.〕〔Die Krone Zvonimirs, Monatshefte fur Auswartige Politik, Heft 6(1941)p.434.〕 and an Italian protectorate from the signing of the Treaties of Rome on 18 May 1941 until the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943. Appointed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta initially refused to assume the crown in opposition to the Italian annexation of the Croat-majority populated region of Dalmatia. He later accepted the throne upon being pressured to do so by Victor Emmanuel III and was titled Tomislav II of Croatia, but never moved from Italy to reside in Croatia.〔 The state was actually controlled by the governing fascist Ustaše movement and its ''Poglavnik'',〔"''Poglavnik''" was a term coined by the Ustaše, and it was originally used as the title for the leader of the movement. In 1941 it was institutionalized in the NDH as the title of first the Prime Minister (1941–43), and then the head of state (1943–45). It was at all times held by Ante Pavelić (1889 – 1959) and became synonymous with him. The translation of the term varies. The root of the word is the Croatian word "''glava''", meaning "head" ("''Po''-''glav(a)''-''nik''"). The more literal translation is "head-man", while "leader" captures more of the meaning of the term (in relation to the German "''Führer''" and Italian "''Duce''").〕 Ante Pavelić, which in turn were primarily under the influence of Nazi Germany. For its first two years up to 1943, the state was also a territorial condominium of Germany and Italy.〔Tomasevich, 2001, p. 60. "Thus on 15 April 1941, Pavelić came to power, albeit a very limited power, in the new Ustasha state under the umbrella of German and Italian forces. On the same day German ''Führer'' Adolf Hitler and Italian ''Duce'' Benito Mussolini granted recognition to the Croatian state and declared that their governments would be glad to participate with the Croatian government in determining its frontiers."〕〔Stephen R. Graubard (1993). ''Exit from Communism''. p. 153. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-694-3. "Mussolini and Hitler installed the Ustašas in power in Zagreb, making them the nucleus of a dependent regime of the newly created Independent State of Croatia, an Italo-German condominium predicated on the abolition of Yugoslavia."〕〔Frucht, Richard C. (2005). ''Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture''. p. 429. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-800-0. "The NDH was in fact an Italo-German condominium. Both Nazi Germany and fascist Italy had spheres of influence in the NDH and stationed their own troops there."〕〔Banac, Ivo (1988). ''With Stalin Against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism''. p. 4. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2186-1.〕 Additionally, central Dalmatia was annexed directly into Italian territory as part of the irredentist agenda of an Italian ''Mare Nostrum'' ("Our Sea").〔Jozo Tomašević. ''War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration: 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration''. Stanford University Press, 2001. P. 300.〕 In 1942, Germany suggested Italy take military control of all of Croatia out of a desire to redirect German troops from Croatia to the Eastern Front. Italy however rejected the offer as it did not believe that Italy alone could handle the unstable situation in the Balkans.〔Jonathan Steinberg. All Or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941–1943. Pp. 44.〕 After the ousting of Mussolini and the Kingdom of Italy's surrender to the Allies, the NDH on 10 September 1943 declared that the Treaties of Rome of 18 May 1941 with the Kingdom of Italy were null and void and annexed the portion of Dalmatia that had been annexed from Yugoslavia to the Kingdom of Italy in the Treaties of Rome.〔 The NDH attempted to annex Zara which had been a recognized territory of Italy since 1919 and had long been an object of Croatian irredentism, but Germany did not allow it.〔 ==Geography== Geographically, the NDH encompassed most of modern-day Croatia, all of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and part of modern-day Serbia. It bordered the Third Reich to the north-west, Kingdom of Hungary to the north-east, Serbian administration (a joint German-Serb government) to the east, Montenegro (an Italian protectorate) to the south-east and Italy along its coastal area. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Independent State of Croatia (, Независна Држава Хрватска, NDH; (ドイツ語:Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien); (イタリア語:Stato Indipendente di Croazia)), often referred to simply by the abbreviation NDH, was a World War II puppet state of Germany"(Independent State of Croatia )". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 8 September 2009.*"(Croatia )". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 8 September 2009.*"(Yugoslavia )". ''Holocaust Encyclopedia''. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 8 September 2009. (Archived ) 31 October 2009. and Italy, which was established in parts of Axis-occupied Yugoslavia. The NDH was founded on 10 April 1941, after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers. The NDH consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with some parts of modern-day Serbia. The regime targeted Serbs, Jews, Muslims and Roma people, as part of a large-scale genocide campaign in places such as the Jasenovac concentration camp.(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jasenovac )Pavlowitch, 2008, (p. 34 )In its judgement in the Hostages Case, the Nuremberg Military Tribunal concluded that NDH was in fact not a sovereign state. According to the Tribunal, "''Croatia was at all times here involved an occupied country''".The state was officially a monarchy since the signing of the Laws of the Crown of Zvonimir on 15 March 1941.Hrvatski Narod (newspaper)16.05.1941. no. 93. p.1.,Public proclamation of the''Zakonska odredba o kruni Zvonimirovoj'' (Decrees on the crown of Zvonimir), tri članka donesena 15.05.1941.Die Krone Zvonimirs, Monatshefte fur Auswartige Politik, Heft 6(1941)p.434. and an Italian protectorate from the signing of the Treaties of Rome on 18 May 1941 until the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943. Appointed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta initially refused to assume the crown in opposition to the Italian annexation of the Croat-majority populated region of Dalmatia. He later accepted the throne upon being pressured to do so by Victor Emmanuel III and was titled Tomislav II of Croatia, but never moved from Italy to reside in Croatia.The state was actually controlled by the governing fascist Ustaše movement and its ''Poglavnik'',"''Poglavnik''" was a term coined by the Ustaše, and it was originally used as the title for the leader of the movement. In 1941 it was institutionalized in the NDH as the title of first the Prime Minister (1941–43), and then the head of state (1943–45). It was at all times held by Ante Pavelić (1889 – 1959) and became synonymous with him. The translation of the term varies. The root of the word is the Croatian word "''glava''", meaning "head" ("''Po''-''glav(a)''-''nik''"). The more literal translation is "head-man", while "leader" captures more of the meaning of the term (in relation to the German "''Führer''" and Italian "''Duce''"). Ante Pavelić, which in turn were primarily under the influence of Nazi Germany. For its first two years up to 1943, the state was also a territorial condominium of Germany and Italy.Tomasevich, 2001, p. 60. "Thus on 15 April 1941, Pavelić came to power, albeit a very limited power, in the new Ustasha state under the umbrella of German and Italian forces. On the same day German ''Führer'' Adolf Hitler and Italian ''Duce'' Benito Mussolini granted recognition to the Croatian state and declared that their governments would be glad to participate with the Croatian government in determining its frontiers."Stephen R. Graubard (1993). ''Exit from Communism''. p. 153. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-694-3. "Mussolini and Hitler installed the Ustašas in power in Zagreb, making them the nucleus of a dependent regime of the newly created Independent State of Croatia, an Italo-German condominium predicated on the abolition of Yugoslavia."Frucht, Richard C. (2005). ''Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture''. p. 429. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-800-0. "The NDH was in fact an Italo-German condominium. Both Nazi Germany and fascist Italy had spheres of influence in the NDH and stationed their own troops there."Banac, Ivo (1988). ''With Stalin Against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism''. p. 4. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2186-1. Additionally, central Dalmatia was annexed directly into Italian territory as part of the irredentist agenda of an Italian ''Mare Nostrum'' ("Our Sea").Jozo Tomašević. ''War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration: 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration''. Stanford University Press, 2001. P. 300. In 1942, Germany suggested Italy take military control of all of Croatia out of a desire to redirect German troops from Croatia to the Eastern Front. Italy however rejected the offer as it did not believe that Italy alone could handle the unstable situation in the Balkans.Jonathan Steinberg. All Or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941–1943. Pp. 44.After the ousting of Mussolini and the Kingdom of Italy's surrender to the Allies, the NDH on 10 September 1943 declared that the Treaties of Rome of 18 May 1941 with the Kingdom of Italy were null and void and annexed the portion of Dalmatia that had been annexed from Yugoslavia to the Kingdom of Italy in the Treaties of Rome. The NDH attempted to annex Zara which had been a recognized territory of Italy since 1919 and had long been an object of Croatian irredentism, but Germany did not allow it.==Geography==Geographically, the NDH encompassed most of modern-day Croatia, all of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and part of modern-day Serbia. It bordered the Third Reich to the north-west, Kingdom of Hungary to the north-east, Serbian administration (a joint German-Serb government) to the east, Montenegro (an Italian protectorate) to the south-east and Italy along its coastal area.」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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